Sociology General Knowledge (GK): Important Concepts, Theories, Thinkers & MCQs

Sociology General Knowledge is an important subject for students, competitive exam aspirants, researchers, and anyone interested in understanding human society and social behavior. Sociology is the scientific study of society, social relationships, institutions, culture, and the various factors that influence human interactions. It helps individuals understand how societies function, how social structures are formed, and how social change takes place over time.

A strong foundation in Sociology General Knowledge is essential for preparing for various competitive examinations such as UPSC, APSC, SSC, State Public Service Commission exams, UGC NET, TET, and other government recruitment tests. Questions related to sociology often cover topics such as social institutions, social stratification, culture, socialization, family, education, religion, social change, social movements, and important sociologists and their contributions.

The study of sociology introduces learners to key concepts such as society, community, culture, norms, values, status, role, social groups, and social control. Understanding these concepts helps explain how individuals interact within a society and how social order is maintained. Sociology also examines major social issues such as poverty, unemployment, inequality, crime, gender discrimination, urbanization, globalization, and environmental challenges.

Sociology General Knowledge includes the study of influential sociologists and thinkers who have shaped the discipline. Prominent figures such as Auguste Comte, Karl Marx, Max Weber, and Émile Durkheim have contributed significantly to sociological theories and perspectives. Their ideas continue to influence modern sociological research and understanding.

Another important aspect of Sociology General Knowledge is the study of social institutions such as family, education, religion, economy, and politics. These institutions play a crucial role in shaping social behavior and maintaining stability within society. Sociology also explores how culture influences people's beliefs, customs, traditions, and lifestyles, making it a valuable subject for understanding diverse societies and communities around the world.

For competitive examinations, Sociology GK often includes multiple-choice questions (MCQs), definitions, important theories, sociological concepts, and current social issues. Regular practice of sociology questions and answers can help candidates improve their knowledge and perform better in examinations. Topics such as social mobility, caste system, class system, demographic changes, population studies, and social reforms are frequently included in exam syllabi.

Whether you are a student, educator, researcher, or exam aspirant, Sociology General Knowledge provides valuable insights into the structure and functioning of society. By studying sociology, learners develop critical thinking skills, social awareness, and a deeper understanding of human behavior and social processes. This comprehensive Sociology GK resource aims to help users learn important sociological concepts, theories, thinkers, and exam-oriented questions in a simple and easy-to-understand manner, making it an ideal study companion for academic and competitive exam success.

1. Who defines "Sociology may be defined as scientific knowledge about human relations"

(A) Ward
(B) Giddings
(C) Cuber
(D) Johnson

Correct Answer: (C) Cuber

2. "The culture of a society is the way of life of its members; the collection of ideas and habits which they learn, share and transmit from generation to generation"

(A) C. Kluckhohn
(B) E. B. Taylor
(C) F. Davis
(D) R. Linton

Correct Answer: (D) R. Linton

3. A primary group is characterized by

(A) blood relationship
(B) direct cooperation
(C) intimate face-to-face association
(D) moral and ethical relationship

Correct Answer: (C) intimate face-to-face association

4. Who among the following introduced the term "mores"

(A) W. G. Summer
(B) H. Hart
(C) C. Lombroso
(D) J. Piaget

Correct Answer: (A) W. G. Summer

5. "Science of Society is possible", is assumed by which approach

(A) Humanist
(B) Positivist
(C) Functionalist
(D) Feminist

Correct Answer: (A) W. G. Summer

6. Who propounded the concept of "reference group"

(A) W. I. Thomas
(B) C. R. Mills
(C) W Waller
(D) H. H. Hyman

Correct Answer: (D) H. H. Hyman

7. Herbert Spencer's name is associated with

(A) positivism
(B) organicism
(C) functionalism
(D) determinism

Correct Answer: (B) organicism

8. Who among the following developed the sociometry method

(A) P. V. Young
(B) Karl Pearson
(C) H. M. Johnson
(D) J. L. Moreno

Correct Answer: (D) J. L. Moreno

9. What is a type of marriage called when the brother of a deceased man is obliged to marry his brother's widow

(A) Levirate
(B) Sororate
(C) Adelphic polyandry
(D) Adelphic polygyny

Correct Answer: (A) Levirate

10. What are the two basic features of the community

(A) Heterogeneity and Integrity
(B) Proximity and Stability
(C) Homogeneity and Conflict
(D) Continuity and Change

Correct Answer: (B) Proximity and Stability

11. Which is the main basis of Association according to Tonnies

(A) Social Interest
(B) Political Interest
(C) Economic Interest
(D) Cultural Interest

Correct Answer: (C) Economic Interest

12. The book "Kinship Organization in India" was written by

(A) Kingsley Davis
(B) Patricia Uberoi
(C) D. N. Majumdar
(D) Iravati Karve

Correct Answer: (D) Iravati Karve

13. Who among the following was/were advocate(s) of the functionalist theory of stratification

(A) E. Durkheim
(B) Kingsley Davis
(C) Ogburn and Nimkoff
(D) R. W. Murray

Correct Answer: (B) Kingsley Davis

14. Which of the following concepts is associated with Thorstein Veblen's name

(A) Alienation
(B) Cultural tourism
(C) Leisure class
(D) Consumerism

Correct Answer: (C) Leisure class

15. The process by which the cultural traits invented or discovered in one society spread directly or indirectly to other societies is called

(A) Cultural relativism
(B) Cultural diffusion
(C) Ethnocentrism
(D) Assimilation

Correct Answer: (B) Cultural diffusion

16. Which of the following may be included in Social Norms

(A) Law
(B) Mores
(C) Custom
(D) All

Correct Answer: (D) All

17. Who coined the term "role-set"

(A) Radcliffe Brown
(B) Herbert Spencer
(C) C. H. Cooley
(D) R. K. Merton

Correct Answer: (D) R. K. Merton

18. Who is the author of the book "crime and custom in savage society"

(A) B. Malinowski
(B) H. Maine
(C) J. Frazer
(D) E. A. Ross

Correct Answer: (A) B. Malinowski

19. Who has argued that "sociology has a long past but only a short history"

(A) Bottomore
(B) Bierstedt
(C) Spencer
(D) Marx

Correct Answer: (B) Bierstedt

20. The estate system is characterized by

(A) Legal rights and duties
(B) Division of labor
(C) Political groups
(D) All of the above

Correct Answer: (D) All of the above

21. "Sociology is the study of the forms of social relations", who said this

(A) E Durkheim
(B) R. M. Maclver and C. H. Page
(C) G. Simmel
(D) M. Ginsberg

Correct Answer: (C) G. Simmel

22. Who coined the terms "Gemeinschaft" and "Gesellschaft"

(A) Karl Marx
(B) M. Weber
(C) F. Tonnies
(D) G. Simmel

Correct Answer: (C) F. Tonnies

23. Who amongst the following viewed crime as an inevitable, normal, and integral part of healthy societies

(A) Durkheim
(B) Marx
(C) Weber
(D) Pareto

Correct Answer: (A) Durkheim

24. Who coined the terms "little traditions" and "great traditions"

(A) Milton Singer
(B) Robert Redfield
(C) Harold Gould
(D) Y. Singh

Correct Answer: (B) Robert Redfield

25. The term "ethnocentrism" was coined by

(A) Theodor Adorno
(B) E. Burgess
(C) C. Darwin
(D) W. G. Sumner

Correct Answer: (D) W. G. Sumner

26. Who among the following had divided sociology into two major parts, namely static and dynamic sociology

(A) Auguste Comte
(B) Hegel
(C) Rudolph
(D) Hobhouse

Correct Answer: (A) Auguste Comte

27. Who considers poverty as a result of exploitation and not of scarcity

(A) Weber
(B) Plato
(C) Marx
(D) Pareto

Correct Answer: (C) Marx

28. The study of the vital processes of population aggregates is called

(A) Ecology
(B) Demography
(C) Statistics
(D) Anthropology

Correct Answer: (B) Demography

29. Who is the author of the book "The Golden Bough"

(A) G. Thomson
(B) J. Frazer
(C) B. Malinowski
(D) L. H. Morgan

Correct Answer: (B) J. Frazer

30. Who among the following thinkers is associated with the terms "id", "ego" and "superego"

(A) Carl G. Jung
(B) Gordon Allport
(C) Kimbal Young
(D) Sigmund Freud

Correct Answer: (D) Sigmund Freud

31. Who propounded the concepts of "manifest function" and "latent function"

(A) Robert Merton
(B) Talcott Parsons
(C) L. T. Hobhouse
(D) Marion Levy

Correct Answer: (A) Robert Merton

32. Who introduced the social distance scale

(A) Bogardus
(B) Bossard
(C) Reissmann
(D) Thomlinson

Correct Answer: (A) Bogardus

33. Who advocated the importance of keeping social sciences or its analysis ethically neutral or value free

(A) Comte
(B) Hobhouse
(C) Durkheim
(D) Weber

Correct Answer: (D) Weber

34. Who has classified action in logical and non-logical categories

(A) Parsons
(B) Pareto
(C) Spencer
(D) Mead

Correct Answer: (B) Pareto

35. Who consider poverty as a result of exploitation and not of scarcity

(A) Weber
(B) Hobhouse
(C) Marx
(D) Peter Blau

Correct Answer: (C) Marx

36. Who first used the term "phenomenology" as a principle of philosophical and scientific methods

(A) Peter Burger
(B) J. Turner
(C) Edmund Husserl
(D) Harold Garfinkel

Correct Answer: (C) Edmund Husserl

37. Who formulated the concept of "marginal man" in sociology

(A) W. Whyte
(B) R. K. Merton
(C) R. M. Maclever and C. H. Page
(D) R. Park and E. V. Stonequist

Correct Answer: (D) R. Park and E. V. Stonequist

38. Who is the author of the book "The Structure of Hindu Society"

(A) N. K. Bose
(B) Y. Singh
(C) M. N. Srinivas
(D) G. S. Ghurye

Correct Answer: (A) N. K. Bose

39. The term sociology was coined by

(A) Herbert Spencer
(B) Saint Simon
(C) Auguste Comte
(D) Max Weber

Correct Answer: (C) Auguste Comte

40. In which year the term "Sociology" was coined

(A) 1798
(B) 1815
(C) 1820
(D) 1838

Correct Answer: (D) 1838

41. Khasi tribes living in the hills of Meghalaya are

(A) Matrilineal
(B) Patrilineal
(C) Bi-lineal
(D) Cognatic

Correct Answer: (A) Matrilineal

42. The word family has been derived from the word "famulus" which is a ________ word

(A) Greek
(B) Latin
(C) Spanish
(D) Roman

Correct Answer: (B) Latin

43. Who wrote the volumes on "Theory of communicative Actions"

(A) Max Weber
(B) Juergen Habermas
(C) Karl Max
(D) Sorokin

Correct Answer: (B) Juergen Habermas

44. Which approach of qualitative research has emphasized on socio-linguistic aspects of social reality

(A) Phenomenology
(B) Post Modernism
(C) Ethnomethodology
(D) None of the above

Correct Answer: (C) Ethnomethodology

45. Who gave the concept of Neo-functionalism

(A) Robert Merton
(B) J. Alexander
(C) Kingsley Devis
(D) Talcote Parsons

Correct Answer: (B) J. Alexander

46. Who has given the notion of "Democracy" and "Public Sphere"

(A) Juergen Habermas
(B) Ulrich Beck
(C) Anthony Giddens
(D) Michel Foucault

Correct Answer: (A) Juergen Habermas

47. A position or rank that is assigned to a person at birth and cannot be changed is

(A) A closed status
(B) A fixed status
(C) An achieved status
(D) An ascribed status

Correct Answer: (D) An ascribed status

48. Concept of culture lag is given by

(A) Kingsley Davis
(B) Nimcoff
(C) Ogburn
(D) Mclver

Correct Answer: (C) Ogburn

49. The concept of "Reflexive role taking" was given by

(A) Merton
(B) Linton
(C) Coley
(D) G. H. Mead

Correct Answer: (D) G. H. Mead

50. Who said "There are no roles without statuses or statuses without roles"

(A) Ralph Linton
(B) Robert Park
(C) S. F. Nadel
(D) R. K. Merton

Correct Answer: (A) Ralph Linton

51. 'A nucleus of blood relatives surrounded by a fringe of spouses', the brothers and sisters representing the core of the family unit, is known as

(A) Consanguinal family
(B) Conjugal family
(C) Extended family
(D) None of the above

Correct Answer: (A) Consanguinal family

52. Who among the following contributed to the concept of dominant caste

(A) S. C. Dubey
(B) R. K. Mukherjee
(C) M. N. Srinivas
(D) D. P. Mukherjee

Correct Answer: (C) M. N. Srinivas

53. Which among the following is not an agent of political socialization

(A) State
(B) Caste
(C) Media
(D) Family

Correct Answer: (B) Caste

54. Who made the statement "State is a special repressive force of the suppression of the proletariat by the bourgeois, of millions of toilers by handful of rich"

(A) Karl Marx
(B) Lenin
(C) Maclver
(D) F. Engels

Correct Answer: (B) Lenin

55. Who among the following written the book "The Power Elite"

(A) V. Pareto
(B) G. Mosca
(C) C. Wright Mills
(D) None of the above

Correct Answer: (C) C. Wright Mills

56. Who gave the concept of Sanskritization

(A) G. S. Ghurye
(B) M. N. Srinivas
(C) Yogendra Singh
(D) C. Parvathamma

Correct Answer: (B) M. N. Srinivas

57. According to Husserl reality can be understood by

(A) Scientific method
(B) Social survey
(C) Contextual experience
(D) Relative experience

Correct Answer: (C) Contextual experience

58. Who is the predecessor of Ethnomethodology

(A) Husserl
(B) Harold Garfinkel
(C) Goffman
(D) Blummer

Correct Answer: (B) Harold Garfinkel

59. Which is the features of Ethnomethodological theory

(A) Accounts of interaction
(B) Meanings of interactions
(C) Methodology
(D) All of the above

Correct Answer: (D) All of the above

60. Who has written the book "System of Positive Polity"

(A) E. Leach
(B) Auguste Comte
(C) Herbert Spencer
(D) R.E. Park

Correct Answer: (B) Auguste Comte

61. The collection of roles that goes with a given status is termed as

(A) Multiple Roles
(B) Role Set
(C) Conflict of roles
(D) Summation of roles

Correct Answer: (B) Role Set

62. Who said that 'society is web of social relationship'

(A) Weber
(B) Maclver
(C) Marx
(D) Durkheim

Correct Answer: (B) Maclver

63. Who said that 'sociology is the science of collective behavior'

(A) Durkheim
(B) Park and Burgess
(C) Weber
(D) Bernard

Correct Answer: (B) Park and Burgess

64. Advance organizer model was the result of the efforts of

(A) Bruce Joyce
(B) David Ausubel
(C) John Ausubel
(D) Joyce and Weil

Correct Answer: (B) David Ausubel

65. The book "Principles of Psychology" is authored by

(A) John Dewey
(B) William James
(C) Ebbinghaus
(D) Wundt

Correct Answer: (B) William James

66. Who is the profounder of the concept of "Global village"

(A) R. Gilpin
(B) Malcolm Waters
(C) Marshall McLuhan
(D) Anthony Giddens

Correct Answer: (C) Marshall McLuhan

67. Who said "Sociology is the study of social groups"

(A) H.M. Johnson
(B) A.M. Rose
(C) Maclver and Page
(D) Max Weber

Correct Answer: (A) H.M. Johnson

68. Who introduces the concept of "Role set" in sociology

(A) Linton
(B) Merton
(C) Veblen
(D) Weber

Correct Answer: (B) Merton

69. Who has propounded the concept of "white collar crime"

(A) Cohen
(B) Merton
(C) Parsons
(D) Sutherland

Correct Answer: (D) Sutherland

70. The concept of "Formal sociology" has been given by

(A) George Simmel
(B) T.B. Bottomore
(C) Sorokin
(D) Bogardus

Correct Answer: (A) George Simmel

71. Who is the author of the book "Social Thought from Lore to Science"

(A) Alex Inkels
(B) Peter Berger
(C) Harry Elmer Barnes
(D) Howard Becker

Correct Answer: (C) Harry Elmer Barnes

72. The study of forms of social relationship is identified as the scope of sociology by

(A) Maclver
(B) Small
(C) Max Weber
(D) Simmel

Correct Answer: (B) Small

73. Who has given the concept of 'Reflexive role taking'

(A) Merton
(B) Linton
(C) Cooley
(D) G. H. Mead

Correct Answer: (D) G. H. Mead

74. Who has said that "A role is a set of socially accepted and approved behavior pattern consisting of both duties and privileges"

(A) Ogburn and Nimkoff
(B) Kingsley Davis
(C) R. K. Merton
(D) Maclver

Correct Answer: (A) Ogburn and Nimkoff

75. The practice of marrying outside one's class is called

(A) Exogamy
(B) Endogamy
(C) Hypergamy
(D) Hypogamy

Correct Answer: (A) Exogamy

76. The result of social interaction is _________

(A) social stratification
(B) social value
(C) social process
(D) social pattern

Correct Answer: (C) social process

77. Who has classified status into "ascribed" and "achieved"

(A) Robert Bierstedt
(B) Ralph Linton
(C) H.M. Johnson
(D) R.M. Maclver

Correct Answer: (B) Ralph Linton

78. "Primary groups are nurseries of human nature" This is stated by

(A) H.M. Johnson
(B) Herbert Spencer
(C) George Simmel
(D) C.H. Cooley

Correct Answer: (D) C.H. Cooley

Q79. Any small group marked by continuous close interaction of a highly personal and emotionally supportive nature is called

(A) Reference group
(B) Primary group
(C) Interest group
(D) Secondary group

Correct Answer: (B) Primary group

80. The group other than one's own group shaping the behavior of an individual is called

(A) ingroup
(B) outgroup
(C) primary group
(D) reference group

Correct Answer: (D) reference group

81. Who has classified the groups as ingroup and outgroup

(A) W.G. Sumner
(B) Laster F. Ward
(C) C.H. Cooley
(D) J.H. Fichter

Correct Answer: (A) W.G. Sumner

82. Who has given the idea of consciousness of kind

(A) H.M. Johnson
(B) R.M. Maclver
(C) F.H. Giddings
(D) None of these

Correct Answer: (C) F.H. Giddings

83. Who has defined the concept of "Looking Glass Self" among the following

(A) G.H. Mead
(B) S. Freud
(C) C.H. Cooley
(D) D.H. Wrong

Correct Answer: (C) C.H. Cooley

84. A developed society is characterized by

(A) Particularistic value
(B) Diffuseness value
(C) Ascription value
(D) Specificity value

Correct Answer: (D) Specificity value

85. Interpretative sociology's basic unit of analysis is

(A) organization
(B) structure
(C) system
(D) action

Correct Answer: (D) action

86. Who among the following gave a linear explanation for the evolution of human societies

(A) Pareto
(B) Weber
(C) Spencer
(D) Sorokin

Correct Answer: (C) Spencer

87. Conspicuous consumption is an example of

(A) Manifesto function
(B) Latent function
(C) Confunction
(D) Disfunction

Correct Answer: (A) Manifesto function

88. Anomic suicide is the result of

(A) Low social integration
(B) Low social regulation
(C) High social integration
(D) High social regulation

Correct Answer: (B) Low social regulation

89. Who has given the concept of "functional alternatives"

(A) Talcott Parsons
(B) Robert K. Merton
(C) Albert Cohen
(D) Emile Durkheim

Correct Answer: (B) Robert K. Merton

90. Who regards deviance as functional for society

(A) Albert Cohen
(B) Robert K. Merton
(C) Emile Durkheim
(D) Radcliffe Brown

Correct Answer: (C) Emile Durkheim

91. Who among the following drew a distinction between "social structure" and "structured form"

(A) Radcliffe Brown
(B) S.F. Nadel
(C) Edmund Leach
(D) Evans Pritchard

Correct Answer: (A) Radcliffe Brown

92. "Structure and Function in Primitive Society" is written by

(A) B.K. Malinowski
(B) Radcliffe Brown
(C) Ferdinard de Saussure
(D) Claude Levi-Strauss

Correct Answer: (B) Radcliffe Brown

93. An institution can be best described as a complex of

(A) Authority
(B) Statuses
(C) Roles
(D) Procedures

Correct Answer: (D) Procedures

94. Which one of the following is so important for the society that its violation calls for severe punishment

(A) Customs
(B) Mores
(C) Ideologies
(D) Folkways

Correct Answer: (B) Mores

95. Sociological perspective involves a process of 'seeing through' — who said

(A) Peter Berger
(B) Auguste Comte
(C) C. Wright Mills
(D) Karl Marx

Correct Answer: (A) Peter Berger

96. The principle of natural selection was first applied in sociology by

(A) Herbert Spencer
(B) Radcliffe Brown
(C) Von Wiese
(D) F. Tonnies

Correct Answer: (A) Herbert Spencer

97. The book 'The Theory of Social Structure' is authored by

(A) Levi-Strauss
(B) A.R. Radcliffe Brown
(C) S.F. Nadel
(D) B. Malinowski

Correct Answer: (C) S.F. Nadel

98. Which among these two creates a situation for role conflict

(A) Conflict within a single role
(B) Conflict between roles
(C) Both (A) and (B)
(D) None of the above

Correct Answer: (B) Conflict between roles

99. Who has classified status into "ascribed" and "achieved"

(A) Robert Bierstedt
(B) H.M. Johnson
(C) R.M. Mac Iver
(D) Ralph Linton

Correct Answer: (D) Ralph Linton

100. "Primary Groups are the nurseries of human nature." This is stated by

(A) H.M. Johnson
(B) Herbert Spencer
(C) George Simmel
(D) C.H. Cooley

Correct Answer: (D) C.H. Cooley

101. Who has given the 'idea of consciousness' of kind

(A) H.M. Johnson
(B) R.M. Mac Iver
(C) F.H. Giddings
(D) None of the above

Correct Answer: (C) F.H. Giddings

102. The concept of the 'Marginal Man' is developed by

(A) Robert Redfield
(B) Robert Park
(C) Robert Merton
(D) Erwin Goffman

Correct Answer: (B) Robert Park

103. Book 'Anatomy of Rural-Urban Community' is written by

(A) M.S.A. Rao
(B) G.S. Ghurye
(C) Patrick Geddes
(D) A.M. Shah

Correct Answer: (B) G.S. Ghurye

104. Radcliffe Brown's first ethnographic study was on the

(A) Nicobar Islands
(B) Jersey Islands
(C) Pacific Islands
(D) Andaman Islands

Correct Answer: (D) Andaman Islands

105. 'Rurbanism' is the term that is related to the study of

(A) Villages
(B) Town and Cities
(C) Rural Areas
(D) Lifestyle of people rural-urban

Correct Answer: (D) Lifestyle of people rural-urban

106. The statement 'religion is heart of the heartless' is attributed to

(A) Karl Marx
(B) Emile Durkheim
(C) Radcliffe Brown
(D) Max Weber

Correct Answer: (A) Karl Marx

107. The term social structure refers to "an ordered arrangement" of parts as viewed by

(A) S.F. Nadel
(B) Levi-Strauss
(C) R. Lowie
(D) R.K. Merton

Correct Answer: (A) S.F. Nadel

108. Who regards 'deviance' functional for society

(A) Albert Cohen
(B) Robert K. Merton
(C) Emile Durkheim
(D) Radcliffe Brown

Correct Answer: (B) Robert K. Merton

109. Which of the following concepts does not figure in Malthusian theory of population

(A) Arithmetic progression
(B) Positive checks
(C) Stable population
(D) Preventive checks

Correct Answer: (C) Stable population

110. Who among the following is associated with the Human Development Index (HDI) for measuring the level of development among various countries

(A) Mahbub-ul-Haque
(B) Raymond Firth
(C) M.N. Srinivas
(D) PA.R. Desai

Correct Answer: (A) Mahbub-ul-Haque

111. E. Sutherland founded the theory of

(A) Blue Collar Crime
(B) Crime by Dacoits
(C) White Collar Crime
(D) Cyber Crime

Correct Answer: (C) White Collar Crime

112. All countries pass through various stages of demographic transition. Which one of the following is not such a stage

(A) High birth rate
(B) Decline in death rate
(C) Low steady death and birth rate
(D) Optimum stage

Correct Answer: (D) Optimum stage

113. Who introduced the concept/term 'post-industrial society'

(A) J. Burnham
(B) G.K. Galbraith
(C) Daniel Bell
(D) R. Dahrendorf

Correct Answer: (C) Daniel Bell

114. Which group of the feminists accept the view that 'State is a system of structures and institutions created by man in order to recreate male domination and female subordination'

(A)  Liberal Feminists
(B)  Radical Feminists
(C)  Marxist Feminists
(D)  Eco Feminists

Correct Answer: (B)  Radical Feminists

115. The term 'Sociological Imagination' was coined by whom

(A) C.W. Mills
(B) Peter Berger
(C) A. Giddens
(D) J.S. Mill

Correct Answer: (A) C.W. Mills

116. Stages of cognitive development related socialization was proposed by

(A) H. Mead
(B) S. Freud
(C) C.H. Cooley
(D) J. Piaget

Correct Answer: (D) J. Piaget

117. Which one of the following is known as the process by which cultural traits spread from one culturally distinct group to another

(A) Evolution
(B) Assimilation
(C) Accommodation
(D) Diffusion

Correct Answer: (D) Diffusion

118. The Weberian model of social stratification has been used in the study of caste by

(A) S.C. Dube
(B) M.N. Srinivas
(C) Andre Beteille
(D) T.N. Madan

Correct Answer: (C) Andre Beteille

119. Who has talked about 'decomposition of labour'

(A) Karl Marx
(B) G. Simmel
(C) L. Coser
(D) R. Dahrendorf

Correct Answer: (D) R. Dahrendorf

120. According to Karl Marx, which one of the following is not a dimension of alienation

(A) Alienation from Production
(B) Alienation from Labour
(C) Alienation from Nature
(D) Alienation from Self

Correct Answer: (C) Alienation from Nature

121. The book on "The Phenomenology of the Social World" is written by

(A) Edmund Husserl
(B) Edmund Husserl
(C) Karl Manheim
(D) Alfred Schultz

Correct Answer: (D) Alfred Schultz

122. ........ have explained the duplicity of people's soöially constructed reality

(A) Peter Berger and Thomas Luckman
(B) Karl Marx and Max Weber
(C) Karl Manheim and E. Durkheim
(D) E. Husserl and Alfred Schultz

Correct Answer: (A) Peter Berger and Thomas Luckman

123. .......is the field of inquiry that seeks to understand the methods people employ to make sense out of their world

(A) Symbolic Interactionism
(B) Phenomenology
(C) Ethnomethodology
(D) Dialectical method

Correct Answer: (B) Phenomenology

124. Name the sociologist who suggested that human behaviour is regulated by means of "Surveillance"

(A)  M. Foucault
(B)  T. Parsons
(C)  J. Derrida
(D)  A. Giddens

Correct Answer: (A)  M. Foucault

125. Who has developed the concept of 'Structuration'

(A) Jacques Derrida
(B) Pierre Bourdieu
(C) Anthony Giddens
(D) Maurice Godelier

Correct Answer: (C) Anthony Giddens

126. Pluralistic society shares the characteristics of

(A) Capitalistic society
(B) Post-modernistic society
(C) Industrial society
(D) Post-industrial society

Correct Answer: (B) Post-modernistic society

127. Who among the following distinguishes three components of the 'life world' — culture, society and personality

(A) A. Schultz
(B) E. Husserl
(C) P. Berger
(D) J. Habermas

Correct Answer: (D) J. Habermas

128. Who among the following theorists sees contemporary society as a death culture, with death being the 'paradigm' of all social exclusion and discrimination

(A) J. Baudrillard
(B) U. Beck
(C) M. Foucault
(D) J.F. Lyotard

Correct Answer: (A) J. Baudrillard

129. Who has considered that 'most often action is routine and relatively unreflexive'

(A) Alfred Schultz
(B) H. Garfinkel
(C) Max Weber
(D) John Heritage

Correct Answer: (A) Alfred Schultz

130. Who has observed a link between the structures of the mind and the structures of society

(A) Charles Lemert
(B) Radcliffe Brown
(C) Levi-Strauss
(D) Michel Foucault

Correct Answer: (C) Levi-Strauss

131. Who has criticized the economic determinism to be implicit in parts of Marx's original work

(A) J. Habermas
(B) T. Bottomore
(C) J. Morrow
(D) L. Althusser

Correct Answer: (A) J. Habermas

132. The concept of 'Symmetrical Family' has been propounded by

(A) M. Young and P. Willmott
(B) Oakley
(C) Bauman and Smart
(D) Smart

Correct Answer: (A) M. Young and P. Willmott

133. Who is of the opinion that the notion of the fundamental opposition between the pure and the impure is the hallmark of the caste system

(A) M.N. Srinivas
(B) Louis Dumont
(C) Surjit Sinha
(D) B.R. Ambedkar

Correct Answer: (B) Louis Dumont

134. Which type of sampling method is ideally suited, where there is no knowledge about population

(A) Convenient sampling method
(B) Purposive sampling method
(C) Quota sampling method
(D) Snowball sampling method

Correct Answer: (D) Snowball sampling method

135. Which of the following is associated with Descriptive Design

(A) Analysis of Demographic Trends
(B) Internal-consistency reliability
(C) Split-half reliability
(D) Content-level reliability

Correct Answer: (A) Analysis of Demographic Trends

136. Who said "History is past sociology, and sociology is present History"

(A) Robert Bierstedt
(B) Aristotle
(C) G.E. Howard
(D) H.T. Mazumdar

Correct Answer: (C) G.E. Howard

137. Who is the author of the book "The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism".

(A) Max Weber
(B) Karl Marx
(C) Herbert Spencer
(D) C.H. Cooli

Correct Answer: (A) Max Weber

138. The concept of "Anomie" was introduced to sociology by

(A) August Comte
(B) Max Weber
(C) Karl Marx
(D) Emile Durkheim

Correct Answer: (D) Emile Durkheim